Global Health

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix (appendix). The appendix is ​​a small protrusion shaped like a finger, which is present in the colon, precisely on the border with the small intestine. The appendix may have some immune function, but is not a vital organ.

The cause of appendicitis is not yet fully understood. In most cases, inflammation and infection of the appendix may be preceded by a blockage inside the appendix. If inflammation continues without treatment, the appendix can rupture.
A ruptured appendix can lead to:
- Entry of intestinal bacteria into the abdomen, causing peritonitis, which can be fatal
- The formation of abscesses
- In women, ovaries and ducts can become infected and cause blockage of the channels that can cause infertility
- The entry of germs into the bloodstream (septicemia), which can be fatal.

Appendicitis has a unique combination of symptoms, consisting of nausea, vomiting and severe pain in the right lower abdomen. Pain may be sudden starts in the upper abdomen or around the navel, then nausea and vomiting. After several hours, the nausea disappeared and the pain shifts to the right lower abdomen. If the doctor presses on this area, the patient felt a dull pain and if the pressure is released, the pain may increase sharply. Fever could reach 37.8 to 38.8 Celsius.

In infants and children, the pain is a thorough, in all parts of the stomach. In the elderly and pregnant women, the pain is not too heavy and dulling of pain in this area is not too pronounced. If the appendix ruptured, pain and fever can be severe. Infections that can cause shock worse.

Blood tests showed white blood cell count increased slightly, in response to infection. Typically, in the early stages of appendicitis, examinations such as X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound less useful. The diagnosis is usually made based on the results of physical examination and symptoms.

Surgery is done immediately, to prevent the occurrence of rupture (Peca), abscess formation or inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis).

At nearly 15% of operations for appendicitis, the appendix was found normal. But the delay surgery until the cause of stomach pain, can be fatal. An infected appendix can rupture in less than 24 hours after symptoms develop. Even though not the cause of appendicitis, the appendix is ​​still removed. Then the surgeon will examine your stomach and try to determine the actual cause of pain.

Surgery is done immediately to reduce mortality in appendicitis. Patients can go home from the hospital within 2-3 days and healing is usually rapid and complete. A ruptured appendix, the prognosis is more serious. 50 years ago, the cases often end fatally rupture. With antibiotics, the mortality rate approaches zero.

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the throat (pharynx).

CAUSE
Pharyngitis may be caused by viruses or bacteria. Most are caused by viruses, including the virus that causes common cold, influenza, adenovirus, mononucleosis or HIV. The bacteria that cause pharyngitis is group A streptococcus, korinebakterium, arkanobakterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia pneumoniae.

SYMPTOMS
Both viral and bacterial infections, similar symptoms are sore throat and painful swallowing. Mucous membranes lining the pharynx experiencing severe or mild inflammation and covered by a whitish membrane or ooze pus.

Other symptoms are:
- fever
- Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck
- Increased number of white blood cells.
Symptoms can be found in infections due to viruses or bacteria, but rather a symptom typical for infections due to bacteria.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination. If suspected a strep throat, can be carried out examination of throat swabs.

TREATMENT
To reduce sore throat pain medication administered (analgesic), inhaler or gargle with warm salt solution. Aspirin should not be given to children and adolescents under the age of 18 years because it can cause Reye’s syndrome.

If the suspected cause is bacterial, antibiotics are given. To overcome the infection and prevent complications (ex rheumatic fever), if the cause strep, given penicillin tablets. If the patient has an allergy to penicillin can be replaced with erythromycin or other antibiotics.

Barotitis Media (Aerotitis, barotrauma) are ear disorder that occurs due to changes in air pressure in the outer ear and middle ear are separated by the eardrum. The eardrum is a separator between the ear canal and middle ear. If the air pressure inside the ear canal and the air pressure inside the middle ear is not the same, there can be damage to the eardrum.

Under normal circumstances, the fallopian eustakius (which is the liaison between the middle ear and the back of the nose) helped keep the pressure in both places remained the same in a way that allows air from outside into the middle ear or vice versa.

CAUSE
The cause of barotrauma is a blockage of the fallopian eustakius. If the tube becomes blocked eustakius partial or total blockage due to scar tissue, infection or allergy, then the air will not get to the middle ear and there was a difference of pressure.

Risk factor for barotrauma is:

* Changes in elevation: eg flight, diving or traveling to the mountains.
* Nasal congestion due to allergies, colds or upper respiratory tract infections.

SYMPTOMS
The patient will feel pain in one or both ears, hearing loss is accompanied by a mild nature. Patients also felt the full ears and dizziness. If the condition is severe or prolonged deafness can gain weight, patients feel the pressure inside the ear and nose bleeding may occur.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. On examination of the ear with the otoscope will seem mild swelling or retraction (pull in) in the eardrum.

TREATMENT
If during the flight pressure changes that occur suddenly causing a feeling of fullness or pain in the ear, then to equalize the pressure in the middle ear and relieve pain can be alleviated by:

* Yawn
* Chewing gum
* Sucking on candy
* Swallowing.

Chewing or swallowing can help open the tube so that air can eustakius and out to equalize pressure with the outside air. Patients with infection or allergic nose and throat can experience pain when traveling by plane or diving. To relieve the blockage and help open the fallopian eustakius be given decongestants, for example penilefrin in the form of nasal drops or spray.

PREVENTION
Use decongestants or antihistamines before altitude changes. During suffering from upper respiratory tract infection or during allergy attacks should not follow the flight, diving or traveling to areas with different heights.

Peritonsiler abscess is pus in the area around the tonsils (tonsillectomy). Peritonsiler abscess is a complication of tonsillitis. Peritonsiler abscess can strike children bigger, adolescents and young adults. But since the use of antibiotics to treat tonsillitis, the disease is now relatively rare.

CAUSE
The cause is usually a bacterial beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A. One or both tonsils become infected, pus is formed and spread from the tonsil to the surrounding tissue. Infection can spread to the roof of the mouth, neck or chest (including lung).

SYMPTOMS
Symptoms include:
- Sore throat
- Swollen lymph nodes neck
- Drool
- Headache
- fever
- Hoarseness (occasionally).

Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination. On examination of the neck and throat, tonsils, palate, throat, neck and chest skin looks red and swollen. Culture fluid from an abscess may indicate the presence of bacteria.

TREATMENT
Given antibiotics. To overcome the pain can be given analgesic (pain reliever). Pus is usually discarded by vacuuming with a syringe or by making an incision in the abscess.

Epidermal cyst is a slow growing lump that consists of a thin sac on the skin contain ingredients such as cheese-like substance in the skin secretions.

Epidermal cysts, often wrongly referred to as sebaceous cysts, are flesh-colored with a length ranging from ½ to 2 inches across. They had to look anywhere but most commonly on the scalp, back and face. They tend to be robust and easy to move inside the skin. Cysts epiderma tasteless sick until they become infected or inflamed.

TREATMENT
Large epidermal cyst removed surgically after the anesthesia is injected into the areas that stand out. The walls are thin sacs or cysts should be completely removed will grow back. Cysts are less likely to be injected with corticosteroids if they become inflamed. Small cysts that interfere can be burned with an electric needle.

PREVENTION
Because the sun can stimulate the growth of epidermal cyst, people with light skin rather advised to avoid the sun and to use protective clothing and sunscreen.

Chickenpox disease commonly affects children. Chicken pox is caused by varisella zoster virus and include a contagious disease. Especially children or adults who have never given the chickenpox vaccine that does not have immunity against this disease.

At the patient’s body will grow a small pimple filled with fluid. This rash will make the patient feel itchy all over his body covered with nodules.

SYMPTOMS
Symptoms usually only appear after a few days after infection. Usually the patient will complain of headache, bad stomach, fever, and fever. There are red marks like insect bites on the skin, as well as fluid-filled nodule grows.

HANDLING
Doctors will usually prescribe antibiotics and fever-lowering drugs in people with chicken pox. This disease usually resolves within five to seven days. Another goal of treatment was to prevent the occurrence of complications such as inflammation of the joints, liver, or heart. Cleanliness of the environment around the patient to assist in the healing process and prevent further complications.

People with chickenpox should not scratch a tiny spot even though it feels itchy. If the spots are broken, those wounds caused by scratching can be entered by other bacteria to further infection and slows the healing process.